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You are here: Home1 / Crop Quality2 / Durum

The hardest of all U.S. wheat classes, U.S. durum has a rich amber color and high gluten content. Hard Amber Durum (HAD) set the “gold standard” for premium pasta products, couscous and some Mediterranean breads. Durum has a high protein content of 12.0% to 15.0% (12% mb), yellow endosperm and white bran.

For the miller, durum is a large, very hard kernel with the potential for very high extraction of high quality, low ash semolina that is ideal for fine pasta. Desert Durum® is harvested and shipped at a very low moisture content, an advantage to millers that contributes to efficient transportation costs and high extraction rates.

For consumers of pasta, couscous and Mediterranean breads, durum helps deliver excellent color and texture.

Where is U.S. durum grown?

Durum is the fifth largest class of wheat grown in the United States. Northern durum is grown primarily in the North Central region (North Dakota and Montana) and shipped via Gulf, Great Lakes and Pacific ports, while Desert Durum®, is grown primarily under contract in the desert Southwest (Arizona and California) and shipped via the Gulf or West Coast.

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2022 U.S. Durum Production

According to USDA’s Small Grains Annual Summary released September 30, 2022,  production of the 2022 U.S. durum crop is estimated to be 1.7 million metric tons (MMT), up 72% from 1.0 MMT in 2021 and equal to the 5-year average.

  • 2022 (MMT)
  • Total durum production in states sampled
  • Northern Durum subtotal
  • Desert Durum® subtotal
  • Total U.S. Durum Production
  • 2022 (MMT)
  • 1.7
  • 1.4
  • 0.4
  • 1.7
  • 2021 (MMT)
  • 1.0
  • 0.8
  • 0.2
  • 1.0
  • 5-Year Average (MMT)
  • 1.6
  • 1.4
  • 0.2
  • 1.7

*States sampled: Arizona, California, Montana and North Dakota. Numbers may not match exactly due to rounding.

2022 U.S. Durum Crop Quality Data Highlights

Buyers will find the 2022 durum crop to be of high quality, especially for grading and kernel characteristics. While there are pockets of lower-than-average protein, lighter 1000 kernel weights and smaller kernels, the overall crop should meet the needs of customers. Dough properties are slightly weaker than 2021, but compare well to five-year averages, along with cooked pasta characteristics. With high vitreous levels, low moisture, high test weights, little to no damage, sound kernel characteristics, and high semolina and pasta color scores, this crop will provide tremendous value to buyers.

U.S. NORTHERN DURUM AVERAGE DATA HIGHIGHTS
The table below provides highlights of the 2022 Northern Durum crop. For full quality results, please see the U.S. Wheat Associates Crop Quality Report to be released late October 2022.

  • 2022 Average
  • Test Weight (lb/bu)
  • Test Weight (kg/hl)
  • Vitreous Kernels (%)
  • Moisture (%)
  • Wheat Protein (%) 12% mb
  • Wheat Protein (%) 0% mb
  • Wheat Falling Number (sec)
  • DON (ppm)
  • 2022 Average
  • 61.8
  • 80.4
  • 92
  • 11.0
  • 13.7
  • 15.6
  • 433
  • <0.5

  • 2021 Average
  • 60.5
  • 78.8
  • 86
  • 10.9
  • 15.5
  • 17.6
  • 428
  • <0.5

  • 5-Year Average
  • 61.1
  • 79.5
  • 83
  • 11.4
  • 14.4
  • 16.3
  • 399
  • <0.5

U.S. DESERT DURUM® AVERAGE DATA HIGHIGHTS
The table below provides highlights of the Desert Durum® 2022 crop. For full quality results, please see the U.S. Wheat Associates Crop Quality Report to be released late October 2022.

  • 2022 Average
  • Test Weight (lb/bu)
  • Test Weight (kg/hl)
  • Vitreous Kernels (%)
  • Moisture (%)
  • Wheat Protein (%) 12% mb
  • Wheat Protein (%) 0% mb
  • Wheat Falling Number (sec)
  • 2022 Average
  • 64.1
  • 83.4
  • 98
  • 7.3
  • 13.2
  • 15.0
  • 713
  • 2021 Average
  • 63.9
  • 83.2
  • 99
  • 7.5
  • 13.9
  • 15.8
  • 503
  • 5-Year Average
  • 62.8
  • 81.8
  • 98
  • 6.9
  • 13.8
  • 15.7
  • 665

U.S. Durum Subclasses

Under the Official United States Standards for Grain, U.S. durum wheat is divided into the following three subclasses based on vitreous kernel content:

  • Hard Amber Durum (HAD) – at least 75% hard, vitreous kernels of amber color
  • Amber Durum (AD) – between 60-74% hard, vitreous kernels of amber color
  • Durum (D) – less than 60% hard, vitreous kernels of amber color
 
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U.S. Durum Sample Collection and Analysis

NORTHERN DURUM

Official grade and non-grade factors were determined on 60% of samples. The remaining tests were conducted on 6 composite samples categorized by growing region for Northern Durum.

  • Samples were collected in two states by USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) and state wheat commissions.
  • Official grades were determined by Northern Plains Grain Inspection.
  • Milling and wheat and flour quality testing and analysis were conducted by The Durum Quality Lab at North Dakota State University.

DESERT DURUM®

Official grade and non-grade factors are determined on every sample collected. Production weighted results are reported.

  • Samples were collected by California Wheat Commission Laboratory and Arizona Grain Research and Promotion Council.
  • Official grades were determined by the USDA Federal Grain Inspection Service (FGIS) and Farwell Grain Inspection.
  • Milling and wheat and flour quality testing and analysis were conducted by the California Wheat Commission Laboratory.

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Additional Resources

  • Overview of U.S. Wheat Inspection
  • 2021 Sample and Collection Methods for U.S. Wheat
  • 2021 Solvent Retention Capacity Recommendations
  • 2021 USW Crop Quality and Educational Partners
  • 2021 Standard Deviation Tables
  • Wheat Flour Testing Methods Book
  • USDA NASS National Statistics and Publications for Wheat
  • USDA FGIS Official U.S. Grade Standards for Grain
  • USDA FAS Production, Supply and Demand

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